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Webster's 1828 Dictionary

BY, prep.
1. Near; close; as, sit by me; that house stands by a river.
[L. pressus.]
2. Near, in motion; as, to move, go or pass by a church. But it seems, in other phrases,or with a verb in the past time, to signify past, gone beyond. "The procession is gone by;" "the hour is gone by;" "John went by." We now use past as an equivalent word. The procession is gone past. Gone by is in strictness tautology, as now used; but I apprehend by signifies primarily near.
3. Through, or with, denoting the agent, means, instrument or cause; as, "a city is destroyed by fire;" "profit is made by commerce;" "to take by force." This use answers to that of the Latin per, through, denoting a passing, acting, agency, or instrumentality.
4. "Day by day;" "year by year;" "article by article." In these phrases, by denotes passing from one to another, or each particular separately taken.
5. "By the space of seven years." In this phrase, by denotes through, passing or continuing, during.
6. "By this time, the sun had risen." The word here seems to denote, at, present or come to.
7. According to; as, "this appears by his own account;" "these are good rules to live by."
8. On; as, "to pass by land or water;" "great battles by sea and land." In the latter phrase, at or on might be substituted for by.
9. It is placed before words denoting quantity, measure or proportion; as, to sell by the pound; to work by the rod or perch; this line is longer by a tenth.
10. It is used to represent the means or instrument of swearing, or affirming; as, to swear by heaven, or by earth; to affirm by all that is sacred.
11. In the phrase, "he has a cask of wine by him," by denotes nearness or presence.
12. "To sit by one's self," is to sit alone, or without company.
13. "To be present by attorney." In this phrase, by denotes means or instrument; through or in the presence of a substitute.
14. In the phrase, "North by West," the sense seems to be north passing to the west, inclining or going westward, or near west.
As an adverb, by denotes also nearness, or presence; as, there was no person by, at the time. But some noun is understood. So in the phrase, "to pass or go by," there is a noun understood.
By and by is a phrase denoting nearness in time; in a short time after; presently; soon.
When persecution ariseth, because of the word, by and by, he is offended. Math.13.
By the by signifies, as we proceed or pass.
To stand by, is to stand near, or to support.
By in lullaby, and in the nursery, a word used in lulling infants to sleep, is evidently allied to words found in many languages, signifying to rest, or be quiet, or to appease; that is, to press, to stop. [L.paco.]
By or bye, in by-law.
In the common phrase, good-bye, bye signifies passing, going. The phrase signifies, a good going, a prosperous passage, and it is precisely equivalent to farewell.
By is used in many compound words, in most of which we observe the sense of nearness, closeness, or a withdrawing or seclusion.

WordNet (r) 3.0 (2005)

adv
1: so as to pass a given point; "every hour a train goes past" [syn: by, past]
2: in reserve; not for immediate use; "started setting aside money to buy a car"; "put something by for her old age"; "has a nest egg tucked away for a rainy day" [syn: aside, by, away]

Merriam Webster's

I. preposition Etymology: Middle English, preposition & adverb, from Old English, preposition, be, b?; akin to Old High German b? by, near, Latin ambi- on both sides, around, Greek amphi Date: before 12th century 1. in proximity to ; near <standing by the window> 2. a. through or through the medium of ; via <enter by the door> b. in the direction of ; toward <north by east> c. into the vicinity of and beyond ; past <went right by him> 3. a. during the course of <studied by night> b. not later than <by 2 p.m.> 4. a. through the agency or instrumentality of <by force> b. born or begot of c. sired or borne by 5. with the witness or sanction of <swear by all that is holy> 6. a. in conformity with <acted by the rules> b. according to <called her by name> 7. a. on behalf of <did right by his children> b. with respect to <a lawyer by profession> 8. a. in or to the amount or extent of <win by a nose> b. chiefly Scottish in comparison with ; beside 9. — used as a function word to indicate successive units or increments <little by little> <walk two by two> 10. — used as a function word in multiplication, in division, and in measurements <divide a by b> <multiply 10 by 4> <a room 15 feet by 20 feet> 11. in the opinion of ; from the point of view of <okay by me> II. adverb Date: before 12th century 1. a. close at hand ; near b. at or to another's home <stop by> 2. past <saw him go by> 3. aside, away III. adjective or bye Date: 14th century 1. being off the main route ; side 2. incidental IV. noun or bye (plural byes) Date: 1567 something of secondary importance ; a side issue V. interjection or bye Etymology: short for goodbye Date: 1709 — used to express farewell; often used with following now

Oxford Reference Dictionary

prep., adv., & n. --prep. 1 near, beside, in the region of (stand by the door; sit by me; path by the river). 2 through the agency, means, instrumentality, or causation of (by proxy; bought by a millionaire; a poem by Donne; went by bus; succeeded by persisting; divide four by two). 3 not later than; as soon as (by next week; by now; by the time he arrives). 4 a past, beyond (drove by the church; came by us). b passing through; via (went by Paris). 5 in the circumstances of (by day; by daylight). 6 to the extent of (missed by a foot; better by far). 7 according to; using as a standard or unit (judge by appearances; paid by the hour). 8 with the succession of (worse by the minute; day by day; one by one). 9 concerning; in respect of (did our duty by them; Smith by name; all right by me). 10 used in mild oaths (orig. = as surely as one believes in) (by God; by gum; swear by all that is sacred). 11 placed between specified lengths in two directions (three feet by two). 12 avoiding, ignoring (pass by him; passed us by). 13 inclining to (north by north-west). --adv. 1 near (sat by, watching; lives close by). 2 aside; in reserve (put £5 by). 3 past (they marched by). --n. = BYE. Phrases and idioms: by and by before long; eventually. by and large on the whole, everything considered. by the by (or bye) incidentally, parenthetically. by oneself 1 a unaided. b without prompting. 2 alone; without company. Etymology: OE bi, bi, be f. Gmc

Webster's 1913 Dictionary

Virtue Vir"tue (?; 135), n. [OE. vertu, F. vertu, L. virtus strength, courage, excellence, virtue, fr. vir a man. See Virile, and cf. Virtu.] 1. Manly strength or courage; bravery; daring; spirit; valor. [Obs.] --Shak. Built too strong For force or virtue ever to expugn. --Chapman. 2. Active quality or power; capacity or power adequate to the production of a given effect; energy; strength; potency; efficacy; as, the virtue of a medicine. Jesus, immediately knowing in himself that virtue had gone out of him, turned him about. --Mark v. 30. A man was driven to depend for his security against misunderstanding, upon the pure virtue of his syntax. --De Quincey. The virtue of his midnight agony. --Keble. 3. Energy or influence operating without contact of the material or sensible substance. She moves the body which she doth possess, Yet no part toucheth, but by virtue's touch. --Sir. J. Davies. 4. Excellence; value; merit; meritoriousness; worth. I made virtue of necessity. --Chaucer. In the Greek poets, . . . the economy of poems is better observed than in Terence, who thought the sole grace and virtue of their fable the sticking in of sentences. --B. Jonson. 5. Specifically, moral excellence; integrity of character; purity of soul; performance of duty. Virtue only makes our bliss below. --Pope. If there's Power above us, And that there is all nature cries aloud Through all her works, he must delight in virtue. --Addison. 6. A particular moral excellence; as, the virtue of temperance, of charity, etc. ``The very virtue of compassion.'' --Shak. ``Remember all his virtues.'' --Addison. 7. Specifically: Chastity; purity; especially, the chastity of women; virginity. H. I believe the girl has virtue. M. And if she has, I should be the last man in the world to attempt to corrupt it. --Goldsmith. 8. pl. One of the orders of the celestial hierarchy. Thrones, dominations, princedoms, virtues, powers. --Milton. Cardinal virtues. See under Cardinal, a. In, or By, virtue of, through the force of; by authority of. ``He used to travel through Greece by virtue of this fable, which procured him reception in all the towns.'' --Addison. ``This they shall attain, partly in virtue of the promise made by God, and partly in virtue of piety.'' --Atterbury. Theological virtues, the three virtues, faith, hope, and charity. See --1 Cor. xiii. 13.

Webster's 1913 Dictionary

(a) To put in order in a particular manner; to prepare; as, to set (that is, to hone) a razor; to set a saw. Tables for to sette, and beddes make. --Chaucer. (b) To extend and bring into position; to spread; as, to set the sails of a ship. (c) To give a pitch to, as a tune; to start by fixing the keynote; as, to set a psalm. --Fielding. (d) To reduce from a dislocated or fractured state; to replace; as, to set a broken bone. (e) To make to agree with some standard; as, to set a watch or a clock. (f) (Masonry) To lower into place and fix solidly, as the blocks of cut stone in a structure. 6. To stake at play; to wager; to risk. I have set my life upon a cast, And I will stand the hazard of the die. --Shak. 7. To fit with music; to adapt, as words to notes; to prepare for singing. Set thy own songs, and sing them to thy lute. --Dryden. 8. To determine; to appoint; to assign; to fix; as, to set a time for a meeting; to set a price on a horse. 9. To adorn with something infixed or affixed; to stud; to variegate with objects placed here and there. High on their heads, with jewels richly set, Each lady wore a radiant coronet. --Dryden. Pastoral dales thin set with modern farms. --Wordsworth. 10. To value; to rate; -- with at. Be you contented, wearing now the garland, To have a son set your decrees at naught. --Shak. I do not set my life at a pin's fee. --Shak. 11. To point out the seat or position of, as birds, or other game; -- said of hunting dogs. 12. To establish as a rule; to furnish; to prescribe; to assign; as, to set an example; to set lessons to be learned. 13. To suit; to become; as, it sets him ill. [Scot.] 14. (Print.) To compose; to arrange in words, lines, etc.; as, to set type; to set a page. To set abroach. See Abroach. [Obs.] --Shak. To set against, to oppose; to set in comparison with, or to oppose to, as an equivalent in exchange; as, to set one thing against another. To set agoing, to cause to move. To set apart, to separate to a particular use; to separate from the rest; to reserve. To set a saw, to bend each tooth a little, every alternate one being bent to one side, and the intermediate ones to the other side, so that the opening made by the saw may be a little wider than the thickness of the back, to prevent the saw from sticking. To set aside. (a) To leave out of account; to pass by; to omit; to neglect; to reject; to annul. Setting aside all other considerations, I will endeavor to know the truth, and yield to that. --Tillotson. (b) To set apart; to reserve; as, to set aside part of one's income. (c) (Law) See under Aside. To set at defiance, to defy. To set at ease, to quiet; to tranquilize; as, to set the heart at ease. To set at naught, to undervalue; to contemn; to despise. ``Ye have set at naught all my counsel.'' --Prov. i. 25. To set a trap, snare, or gin, to put it in a proper condition or position to catch prey; hence, to lay a plan to deceive and draw another into one's power. To set at work, or To set to work. (a) To cause to enter on work or action, or to direct how tu enter on work. (b) To apply one's self; -- used reflexively. To set before. (a) To bring out to view before; to exhibit. (b) To propose for choice to; to offer to. To set by. (a) To set apart or on one side; to reject. (b) To attach the value of (anything) to. ``I set not a straw by thy dreamings.'' --Chaucer. To set by the compass, to observe and note the bearing or situation of by the compass. To set case, to suppose; to assume. Cf. Put case, under Put, v. t. [Obs.] --Chaucer. To set down. (a) To enter in writing; to register. Some rules were to be set down for the government of the army. --Clarendon. (b) To fix; to establish; to ordain. This law we may name eternal, being that order which God . . . hath set down with himself, for himself to do all things by. --Hooker. (c) To humiliate. To set eyes on, to see; to behold; to fasten the eyes on. To set fire to, or To set on fire, to communicate fire to; fig., to inflame; to enkindle the passions of; to irritate. To set flying (Naut.), to hook to halyards, sheets, etc., instead of extending with rings or the like on a stay; -- said of a sail. To set forth. (a) To manifest; to offer or present to view; to exhibt; to display. (b) To publish; to promulgate; to make appear. --Waller. (c) To send out; to prepare and send. [Obs.] The Venetian admiral had a fleet of sixty galleys, set forth by the Venetians. --Knolles. To set forward. (a) To cause to advance. (b) To promote. To set free, to release from confinement, imprisonment, or bondage; to liberate; to emancipate. To set in, to put in the way; to begin; to give a start to. [Obs.] If you please to assist and set me in, I will recollect myself. --Collier. To set in order, to adjust or arrange; to reduce to method. ``The rest will I set in order when I come.'' --1 Cor. xi. 34. To set milk. (a) To expose it in open dishes in order that the cream may rise to the surface. (b) To cause it to become curdled as by the action of rennet. See 4 (e) . To set much, or little, by, to care much, or little, for. To set of, to value; to set by. [Obs.] ``I set not an haw of his proverbs.'' --Chaucer. To set off. (a) To separate from a whole; to assign to a particular purpose; to portion off; as, to set off a portion of an estate. (b) To adorn; to decorate; to embellish. They . . . set off the worst faces with the best airs. --Addison. (c) To give a flattering description of. To set off against, to place against as an equivalent; as, to set off one man's services against another's. To set on or upon. (a) To incite; to instigate. ``Thou, traitor, hast set on thy wife to this.'' --Shak. (b) To employ, as in a task. `` Set on thy wife to observe.'' --Shak. (c) To fix upon; to attach strongly to; as, to set one's heart or affections on some object. See definition 2, above. To set one's cap for. See under Cap, n. To set one's self against, to place one's self in a state of enmity or opposition to. To set one's teeth, to press them together tightly. To set on foot, to set going; to put in motion; to start. To set out. (a) To assign; to allot; to mark off; to limit; as, to set out the share of each proprietor or heir of an estate; to set out the widow's thirds. (b) To publish, as a proclamation. [Obs.] (c) To adorn; to embellish. An ugly woman, in rich habit set out with jewels, nothing can become. --Dryden. (d) To raise, equip, and send forth; to furnish. [R.] The Venetians pretend they could set out, in case of great necessity, thirty men-of-war. --Addison. (e) To show; to display; to recommend; to set off. I could set out that best side of Luther. --Atterbury. (f) To show; to prove. [R.] ``Those very reasons set out how heinous his sin was.'' --Atterbury. (g) (Law) To recite; to state at large.

Webster's 1913 Dictionary

By By (b[imac]), prep. [OE. bi, AS. b[=i], big, near to, by, of, from, after, according to; akin to OS. & OFries. bi, be, D. bij, OHG. b[=i], G. bei, Goth. bi, and perh. Gr. 'amfi`. E. prefix be- is orig. the same word. [root]203. See pref. Be-.] 1. In the neighborhood of; near or next to; not far from; close to; along with; as, come and sit by me. [1913 Webster] By foundation or by shady rivulet He sought them both. --Milton. 2. On; along; in traversing. Compare 5. Long labors both by sea and land he bore. --Dryden. By land, by water, they renew the charge. --Pope. 3. Near to, while passing; hence, from one to the other side of; past; as, to go by a church. 4. Used in specifying adjacent dimensions; as, a cabin twenty feet by forty. 5. Against. [Obs.] --Tyndale [1. Cor. iv. 4]. 6. With, as means, way, process, etc.; through means of; with aid of; through; through the act or agency of; as, a city is destroyed by fire; profit is made by commerce; to take by force. Note: To the meaning of by, as denoting means or agency, belong, more or less closely, most of the following uses of the word: (a) It points out the author and producer; as, ``Waverley'', a novel by Sir W.Scott; a statue by Canova; a sonata by Beethoven. (b) In an oath or adjuration, it indicates the being or thing appealed to as sanction; as, I affirm to you by all that is sacred; he swears by his faith as a Christian; no, by Heaven. (c) According to; by direction, authority, or example of; after; -- in such phrases as, it appears by his account; ten o'clock by my watch; to live by rule; a model to build by. (d) At the rate of; according to the ratio or proportion of; in the measure or quantity of; as, to sell cloth by the yard, milk by the quart, eggs by the dozen, meat by the pound; to board by the year. (e) In comparison, it denotes the measure of excess or deficiency; when anything is increased or diminished, it indicates the measure of increase or diminution; as, larger by a half; older by five years; to lessen by a third. (f) It expresses continuance or duration; during the course of; within the period of; as, by day, by night. (g) As soon as; not later than; near or at; -- used in expressions of time; as, by this time the sun had risen; he will be here by two o'clock. Note: In boxing the compass, by indicates a pint nearer to, or towards, the next cardinal point; as, north by east, i.e., a point towards the east from the north; northeast by east, i.e., on point nearer the east than northeast is. Note: With is used instead of by before the instrument with which anything is done; as, to beat one with a stick; the board was fastened by the carpenter with nails. But there are many words which may be regarded as means or processes, or, figuratively, as instruments; and whether with or by shall be used with them is a matter of arbitrary, and often, of unsettled usage; as, to a reduce a town by famine; to consume stubble with fire; he gained his purpose by flattery; he entertained them with a story; he distressed us with or by a recital of his sufferings. see With. By all means, most assuredly; without fail; certainly. By and by. (a) Close together (of place). [Obs.] ``Two yonge knightes liggyng [lying] by and by.'' --Chaucer. (b) Immediately; at once. [Obs.] ``When . . . persecution ariseth because of the word, by and by he is offended.'' --Matt. xiii. 21. (c) Presently; pretty soon; before long. Note: In this phrase, by seems to be used in the sense of nearness in time, and to be repeated for the sake of emphasis, and thus to be equivalent to ``soon, and soon,'' that is instantly; hence, -- less emphatically, -- pretty soon, presently. By one's self, with only one's self near; alone; solitary. By the bye. See under Bye. By the head (Naut.), having the bows lower than the stern; -- said of a vessel when her head is lower in the water than her stern. If her stern is lower, she is by the stern. By the lee, the situation of a vessel, going free, when she has fallen off so much as to bring the wind round her stern, and to take her sails aback on the other side. By the run, to let go by the run, to let go altogether, instead of slacking off. By the way, by the bye; -- used to introduce an incidental or secondary remark or subject. Day by day, One by one, Piece by piece, etc., each day, each one, each piece, etc., by itself singly or separately; each severally. To come by, to get possession of; to obtain. To do by, to treat, to behave toward. To set by, to value, to esteem. To stand by, to aid, to support. Note: The common phrase good-by is equivalent to farewell, and would be better written good-bye, as it is a corruption of God be with you (b'w'ye).

Webster's 1913 Dictionary

By By, adv. 1. Near; in the neighborhood; present; as, there was no person by at the time. 2. Passing near; going past; past; beyond; as, the procession has gone by; a bird flew by. 3. Aside; as, to lay by; to put by.

Webster's 1913 Dictionary

By By, a. Out of the common path; aside; -- used in composition, giving the meaning of something aside, secondary, or incidental, or collateral matter, a thing private or avoiding notice; as, by-line, by-place, by-play, by-street. It was formerly more freely used in composition than it is now; as, by-business, by-concernment, by-design, by-interest, etc.

Collin's Cobuild Dictionary

Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common words in English. Note: In addition to the uses shown below, 'by' is used in phrasal verbs such as 'abide by', 'put by', and 'stand by'. 1. If something is done by a person or thing, that person or thing does it. The feast was served by his mother and sisters... I was amazed by their discourtesy and lack of professionalism... The town has been under attack by rebel groups for a week now. PREP 2. If you say that something such as a book, a piece of music, or a painting is by a particular person, you mean that this person wrote it or created it. ...a painting by Van Gogh... 'Jacob's Ladder', the newest film by Adrian Lyne, is a post-Vietnam horror story. PREP 3. If you do something by a particular means, you do it using that thing. We'll be travelling by car. ...dinners by candlelight. PREP 4. If you achieve one thing by doing another thing, your action enables you to achieve the first thing. Make the sauce by boiling the cream and stock together in a pan... The all-female yacht crew made history by becoming the first to sail round the world... By using the air ambulance to transport patients between hospitals, they can save up to £15,000 per patient. PREP: PREP -ing 5. You use by in phrases such as 'by chance' or 'by accident' to indicate whether or not an event was planned. I met him by chance out walking yesterday... He opened Ingrid's letter by mistake... Whether by design or accident his timing was perfect. PREP 6. If someone is a particular type of person by nature, by profession, or by birth, they are that type of person because of their nature, their profession, or the family they were born into. I am certainly lucky to have a kind wife who is loving by nature... She's a nurse by profession and now runs a counselling service for women... Her parents were in fact American by birth. PREP: adj/n PREP n 7. If something must be done by law, it happens according to the law. If something is the case by particular standards, it is the case according to the standards. Pharmacists are required by law to give the medicine prescribed by the doctor. ...evening wear that was discreet by his standards. PREP 8. If you say what someone means by a particular word or expression, you are saying what they intend the word or expression to refer to. Stella knew what he meant by 'start again'... 'You're unbelievably lucky'—'What do you mean by that?' PREP 9. If you hold someone or something by a particular part of them, you hold that part. He caught her by the shoulder and turned her around... She was led by the arm to a small room at the far end of the corridor... He picked up the photocopy by one corner and put it in his wallet. PREP 10. Someone or something that is by something else is beside it and close to it. Judith was sitting in a rocking-chair by the window... Felicity Maxwell stood by the bar and ordered a glass of wine... Emma was by the door. PREP • By is also an adverb. Large numbers of security police stood by. ADV: ADV after v 11. If a person or vehicle goes by you, they move past you without stopping. A few cars passed close by me... He kept walking and passed by me on his side of the street. PREP: v PREP n • By is also an adverb. The bomb went off as a police patrol went by. ADV: ADV after v 12. If you stop by a place, you visit it for a short time. We had made arrangements to stop by her house in Pacific Grove... PREP • By is also an adverb. I'll stop by after dinner and we'll have that talk. ADV: ADV after v 13. If something happens by a particular time, it happens at or before that time. By eight o'clock he had arrived at my hotel... We all knew by then that the affair was practically over. PREP 14. If you do something by day, you do it during the day. If you do it by night, you do it during the night. By day a woman could safely walk the streets, but at night the pavements became dangerous... She had no wish to hurry alone through the streets of London by night. PREP 15. In arithmetic, you use by before the second number in a multiplication or division sum. ...an apparent annual rate of 22.8 per cent (1.9 multiplied by 12)... 230cm divided by 22cm is 10.45cm. PREP: PREP num 16. You use by to talk about measurements of area. For example, if a room is twenty feet by fourteen feet, it measures twenty feet in one direction and fourteen feet in the other direction. Three prisoners were sharing one small cell 3 metres by 2 metres. PREP: PREP num 17. If something increases or decreases by a particular amount, that amount is gained or lost. Violent crime has increased by 10 percent since last year... Their pay has been cut by one-third. PREP: PREP amount 18. Things that are made or sold by the million or by the dozen are made or sold in those quantities. Parcels arrived by the dozen from America... Liberty fabrics, both for furnishing and for dress-making, are sold by the metre. PREP: PREP the n 19. You use by in expressions such as 'minute by minute' and 'drop by drop' to talk about things that happen gradually, not all at once. His father began to lose his memory bit by bit, becoming increasingly forgetful. PREP: n PREP n 20. If you are by yourself, you are alone. ...a dark-haired man sitting by himself in a corner. = alone PHRASE: PHR after v 21. If you do something by yourself, you succeed in doing it without anyone helping you. I didn't know if I could raise a child by myself. PHRASE: PHR after v

Easton's Bible Dictionary

in the expression "by myself" (A.V., 1 Cor. 4:4), means, as rendered in the Revised Version, "against myself."

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

In the sense of "against" which survives only in dialectal English (compare Wright, Dialect Dict., I, 470, for examples) is the King James Version rendering of the dative emauto of 1Co 4:4 (the American Standard Revised Version renders this "against"). In classical Greek the same idiom sunoida with dative = "be conscious" or "be cognizant of" a thing.

Soule's Dictionary of English Synonyms

I. prep. 1. Through (as the cause, or the remote agent), by the agency of, by means of, by dint of. See with. 2. At, on, by way of. 3. From, according to. 4. Near to, close by, near. 5. Past. 6. Along, over. 7. In the name of, before, in the sight of. 8. In proportion to, in the quantity of, per, a. II. ad. Near.

Moby Thesaurus

abeam, abreast, accommodated to, according to, adapted to, adieu, adjusted to, after, agreeable to, agreeably to, all through, along by, alongside, among, answerable to, around, as to, aside, at, back, beside, by dint of, by means of, by use of, by virtue of, by way of, bye-bye, conformable to, congruent with, consistent with, farewell, from, good-bye, hereby, herewith, in, in accordance with, in agreement with, in compliance with, in conformity with, in correspondence to, in harmony with, in keeping with, in line with, in lock-step with, in obedience to, in reserve, in step with, in uniformity with, in virtue of, near, nearby, next to, nigh, on, over, passing by, passing through, per, proper to, round, round about, so long, suitable for, thanks to, thereby, therewith, through, to, toward, uniform with, upon, via, whereby, wherewith, wherewithal, with