TREE DEFINITIONS - 19 definitions found
tree n 1: a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms 2: a figure that branches from a single root; "genealogical tree" [syn: tree, tree diagram] 3: English actor and theatrical producer noted for his lavish productions of Shakespeare (1853-1917) [syn: Tree, Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree}] v 1: force a person or an animal into a position from which he cannot escape [syn: corner, tree] 2: plant with trees; "this lot should be treed so that the house will be shaded in summer" 3: chase an animal up a tree; "the hunters treed the bear with dogs and killed it"; "her dog likes to tree squirrels" 4: stretch (a shoe) on a shoetree [syn: tree, shoetree] tree - lebat tree rete reet eter tree O.E. treo, treow "tree" (also "wood"), from P.Gmc. *trewan, from PIE *deru-/*doru- "oak." Importance of the oak in mythology is reflected in the recurring use of words for "oak" to mean "tree" (cf. Skt. dru, Rus. drevo). In O.E. and M.E., also "thing made of wood," especially the cross of the Crucifixion and a gallows (cf. Tyburn tree, gallows mentioned 12c. at Tyburn, at junction of Oxford Street and Edgware Road, place of public execution for Middlesex until 1783). Sense in family tree first attested 1706; verb meaning "to chase up a tree" is from 1700. Tree-hugger, contemptuous for "environmentalist" is from late 1980s. tree tri: See: BARK UP THE WRONG TREE, CAN'T SEE THE WOOD FOR THE TREES, UP A TREE. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 11th Edition (2003) Tree biographical name Sir Herbert (Draper) Beerbohm 1853-1917 English actor-manager Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 11th Edition (2003) tree I. noun Etymology: Middle English, from Old English trēow; akin to Old Norse trē tree, Greek drys, Sanskrit dāru wood Date: before 12th century 1. a. a woody perennial plant having a single usually elongate main stem generally with few or no branches on its lower part b. a shrub or herb of arborescent form <rose trees> <a banana tree> 2. a. (1) a piece of wood (as a post or pole) usually adapted to a particular use or forming part of a structure or implement (2) archaic the cross on which Jesus was crucified b. archaic gallows 3. something in the form of or resembling a tree: as a. a diagram or graph that branches usually from a simple stem or vertex without forming loops or polygons <a genealogical tree> <phylogenetic trees> b. a much-branched system of channels especially in an animal body <the vascular tree> 4. saddletree • treeless adjective • treelike adjective II. transitive verb (treed; treeing) Date: 1575 1. a. to drive to or up a tree <treed by a bull> <dogs treeing game> b. to put into a position of extreme disadvantage ; corner; especially to bring to bay 2. to furnish or fit (as a shoe) with a tree Oxford English Reference Dictionary
Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner\'s English Dictionary tree (trees) Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most common words in English. 1. A tree is a tall plant that has a hard trunk, branches, and leaves. I planted those apple trees. ...a variety of shrubs and trees. N-COUNT: oft n N see also Christmas tree, family tree 2. If you say that someone is barking up the wrong tree, you mean that they are following the wrong course of action because their beliefs or ideas about something are incorrect. (INFORMAL) Scientists in Switzerland realised that most other researchers had been barking up the wrong tree. PHRASE: V inflects, usu cont 3. If someone can't see the wood for the trees in British English, or can't see the forest for the trees in American English, they are very involved in the details of something and so they do not notice what is important about the thing as a whole. PHRASE: V inflects 4. the top of the tree: see top English Explanatory Dictionary tree tri: n. & v. 1 a a perennial plant with a woody self-supporting main stem or trunk when mature and usu. unbranched for some distance above the ground (cf. SHRUB(1)). b any similar plant having a tall erect usu. single stem, e.g. palm tree. 2 a piece or frame of wood etc. for various purposes (shoe-tree). 3 archaic or poet. a a gibbet. b a cross, esp. the one used for Christ's crucifixion. 4 (in full tree diagram) Math. a diagram with a structure of branching connecting lines. 5 = family tree. --v.tr. 1 force to take refuge in a tree. 2 esp. US put into a difficult position. 3 stretch on a shoe-tree. øgrow on trees (usu. with neg.) be plentiful. tree agate agate with treelike markings. tree calf a calf binding for books stained with a treelike design. tree-fern a large fern, esp. of the family Cyatheaceae, with an upright trunklike stem. tree frog any arboreal tailless amphibian, esp. of the family Hylidae, climbing by means of adhesive discs on its digits. tree hopper any insect of the family Membracidae, living in trees. tree house a structure in a tree for children to play in. tree line = TIMBERLINE. tree of heaven an ornamental Asian tree, Ailanthus altissima, with evil-smelling flowers. tree of knowledge the branches of knowledge as a whole. tree of life = ARBOR VITAE. tree ring a ring in a cross section of a tree, from one year's growth. tree shrew any small insect-eating arboreal mammal of the family Tupaiidae having a pointed nose and bushy tail. tree sparrow 1 Brit. a sparrow, Passer montanus, inhabiting woodland areas. 2 US a N. American finch, Spizella arborea, inhabiting grassland areas. tree surgeon a person who treats decayed trees in order to preserve them. tree surgery the art or practice of such treatment. tree toad = tree frog. tree tomato a South American shrub, Cyphomandra betacea, with egg-shaped red fruit. tree-trunk the trunk of a tree. up a tree esp. US cornered; nonplussed. øøtreeless adj. treelessness n. tree-like adj. [OE treow f. Gmc] English-Old English dictionary tree TREE Welcome, ye shades! ye bowery thickets hail! Ye lofty pines! ye venerable oaks! Ye ashes wild, resounding o'er the steep! Delicious is your shelter to the soul. Seasons: Summer. J. THOMSON. Now all the tree-tops lay asleep, Like green waves on the sea, As still as in the silent deep The ocean woods may be. The Recollection. P.B. SHELLEY. Like two cathedral towers these stately pines Uplift their fretted summits tipped with cones; The arch beneath them is not built with stones, Not Art but Nature traced these lovely lines, And carved this graceful arabesque of vines; No organ but the wind here sighs and moans, No sepulchre conceals a martyr's bones, No marble bishop on his tomb reclines. Enter! the pavement, carpeted with leaves, Gives back a softened echo to thy tread! Listen! the choir is singing; all the birds, In leafy galleries beneath the eaves, Are singing! listen, ere the sound be fled, And learn there may be worship without words. My Cathedral. H.W. LONGFELLOW. Those green-robed senators of mighty woods, Tall oaks, branch-charmed by the earnest stars, Dream, and so dream all night without a stir. Hyperion, Bk. I. J. KEATS. A brotherhood of venerable Trees. Sonnet composed at ---- Castle. W. WORDSWORTH. Cedar, and pine, and fir, and branching palm, A sylvan scene, and as the ranks ascend Shade above shade, a woody theatre Of stateliest view. Paradise Lost, Bk. IV. MILTON. Of vast circumference and gloom profound, This solitary Tree! A living thing Produced too slowly ever to decay; Of form and aspect too magnificent To be destroyed. Yew-Trees. W. WORDSWORTH. Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) Tree \Tree\ (tr[=e]), n. [OE. tree, tre, treo, AS. tre['o], tre['o]w, tree, wood; akin to OFries. tr[=e], OS. treo, trio, Icel. tr[=e], Dan. tr[ae], Sw. tr["a], tr["a]d, Goth. triu, Russ. drevo, W. derw an oak, Ir. darag, darog, Gr. dry^s a tree, oak, do`ry a beam, spear shaft, spear, Skr. dru tree, wood, d[=a]ru wood. [root]63, 241. Cf. Dryad, Germander, Tar, n., Trough.] 1. (Bot.) Any perennial woody plant of considerable size (usually over twenty feet high) and growing with a single trunk. Note: The kind of tree referred to, in any particular case, is often indicated by a modifying word; as forest tree, fruit tree, palm tree, apple tree, pear tree, etc. 2. Something constructed in the form of, or considered as resembling, a tree, consisting of a stem, or stock, and branches; as, a genealogical tree. 3. A piece of timber, or something commonly made of timber; -- used in composition, as in axletree, boottree, chesstree, crosstree, whiffletree, and the like. 4. A cross or gallows; as Tyburn tree. [Jesus] whom they slew and hanged on a tree. --Acts x. 39. 5. Wood; timber. [Obs.] --Chaucer. In a great house ben not only vessels of gold and of silver but also of tree and of earth. --Wyclif (2 Tim. ii. 20). 6. (Chem.) A mass of crystals, aggregated in arborescent forms, obtained by precipitation of a metal from solution. See Lead tree, under Lead. Tree bear (Zo["o]l.), the raccoon. [Local, U. S.] Tree beetle (Zo["o]l.) any one of numerous species of beetles which feed on the leaves of trees and shrubs, as the May beetles, the rose beetle, the rose chafer, and the goldsmith beetle. Tree bug (Zo["o]l.), any one of numerous species of hemipterous insects which live upon, and suck the sap of, trees and shrubs. They belong to Arma, Pentatoma, Rhaphigaster, and allied genera. Tree cat (Zool.), the common paradoxure ({Paradoxurus musang}). Tree clover (Bot.), a tall kind of melilot ({Melilotus alba}). See Melilot. Tree crab (Zo["o]l.), the purse crab. See under Purse. Tree creeper (Zo["o]l.), any one of numerous species of arboreal creepers belonging to Certhia, Climacteris, and allied genera. See Creeper, 3. Tree cricket (Zo["o]l.), a nearly white arboreal American cricket ({Ecanthus niv[oe]us}) which is noted for its loud stridulation; -- called also white cricket. Tree crow (Zo["o]l.), any one of several species of Old World crows belonging to Crypsirhina and allied genera, intermediate between the true crows and the jays. The tail is long, and the bill is curved and without a tooth. Tree dove (Zo["o]l.) any one of several species of East Indian and Asiatic doves belonging to Macropygia and allied genera. They have long and broad tails, are chiefly arboreal in their habits, and feed mainly on fruit. Tree duck (Zo["o]l.), any one of several species of ducks belonging to Dendrocygna and allied genera. These ducks have a long and slender neck and a long hind toe. They are arboreal in their habits, and are found in the tropical parts of America, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Tree fern (Bot.), an arborescent fern having a straight trunk, sometimes twenty or twenty-five feet high, or even higher, and bearing a cluster of fronds at the top. Most of the existing species are tropical. Tree fish (Zo["o]l.), a California market fish ({Sebastichthys serriceps}). Tree frog. (Zo["o]l.) (a) Same as Tree toad. (b) Any one of numerous species of Old World frogs belonging to Chiromantis, Rhacophorus, and allied genera of the family Ranid[ae]. Their toes are furnished with suckers for adhesion. The flying frog (see under Flying) is an example. Tree goose (Zo["o]l.), the bernicle goose. Tree hopper (Zo["o]l.), any one of numerous species of small leaping hemipterous insects which live chiefly on the branches and twigs of trees, and injure them by sucking the sap. Many of them are very odd in shape, the prothorax being often prolonged upward or forward in the form of a spine or crest. Tree jobber (Zo["o]l.), a woodpecker. [Obs.] Tree kangaroo. (Zo["o]l.) See Kangaroo. Tree lark (Zo["o]l.), the tree pipit. [Prov. Eng.] Tree lizard (Zo["o]l.), any one of a group of Old World arboreal lizards ({Dendrosauria}) comprising the chameleons. Tree lobster. (Zo["o]l.) Same as Tree crab, above. Tree louse (Zo["o]l.), any aphid; a plant louse. Tree moss. (Bot.) (a) Any moss or lichen growing on trees. (b) Any species of moss in the form of a miniature tree. Tree mouse (Zo["o]l.), any one of several species of African mice of the subfamily Dendromyin[ae]. They have long claws and habitually live in trees. Tree nymph, a wood nymph. See Dryad. Tree of a saddle, a saddle frame. Tree of heaven (Bot.), an ornamental tree ({Ailantus glandulosus}) having long, handsome pinnate leaves, and greenish flowers of a disagreeable odor. Tree of life (Bot.), a tree of the genus Thuja; arbor vit[ae]. Tree onion (Bot.), a species of garlic ({Allium proliferum}) which produces bulbs in place of flowers, or among its flowers. Tree oyster (Zo["o]l.), a small American oyster ({Ostrea folium}) which adheres to the roots of the mangrove tree; -- called also raccoon oyster. Tree pie (Zo["o]l.), any species of Asiatic birds of the genus Dendrocitta. The tree pies are allied to the magpie. Tree pigeon (Zo["o]l.), any one of numerous species of longwinged arboreal pigeons native of Asia, Africa, and Australia, and belonging to Megaloprepia, Carpophaga, and allied genera. Tree pipit. (Zo["o]l.) See under Pipit. Tree porcupine (Zo["o]l.), any one of several species of Central and South American arboreal porcupines belonging to the genera Ch[ae]tomys and Sphingurus. They have an elongated and somewhat prehensile tail, only four toes on the hind feet, and a body covered with short spines mixed with bristles. One South American species ({S. villosus}) is called also couiy; another ({S. prehensilis}) is called also c[oe]ndou. Tree rat (Zo["o]l.), any one of several species of large ratlike West Indian rodents belonging to the genera Capromys and Plagiodon. They are allied to the porcupines. Tree serpent (Zo["o]l.), a tree snake. Tree shrike (Zo["o]l.), a bush shrike. Tree snake (Zo["o]l.), any one of numerous species of snakes of the genus Dendrophis. They live chiefly among the branches of trees, and are not venomous. Tree sorrel (Bot.), a kind of sorrel ({Rumex Lunaria}) which attains the stature of a small tree, and bears greenish flowers. It is found in the Canary Islands and Teneriffe. Tree sparrow (Zo["o]l.) any one of several species of small arboreal sparrows, especially the American tree sparrow ({Spizella monticola}), and the common European species ({Passer montanus}). Tree swallow (Zo["o]l.), any one of several species of swallows of the genus Hylochelidon which lay their eggs in holes in dead trees. They inhabit Australia and adjacent regions. Called also martin in Australia. Tree swift (Zo["o]l.), any one of several species of swifts of the genus Dendrochelidon which inhabit the East Indies and Southern Asia. Tree tiger (Zo["o]l.), a leopard. Tree toad (Zo["o]l.), any one of numerous species of amphibians belonging to Hyla and allied genera of the family Hylid[ae]. They are related to the common frogs and toads, but have the tips of the toes expanded into suckers by means of which they cling to the bark and leaves of trees. Only one species ({Hyla arborea}) is found in Europe, but numerous species occur in America and Australia. The common tree toad of the Northern United States ({H. versicolor}) is noted for the facility with which it changes its colors. Called also tree frog. See also Piping frog, under Piping, and Cricket frog, under Cricket. Tree warbler (Zo["o]l.), any one of several species of arboreal warblers belonging to Phylloscopus and allied genera. Tree wool (Bot.), a fine fiber obtained from the leaves of pine trees. Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) Tree \Tree\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Treed; p. pr. & vb. n. Treeing.] 1. To drive to a tree; to cause to ascend a tree; as, a dog trees a squirrel. --J. Burroughs. 2. To place upon a tree; to fit with a tree; to stretch upon a tree; as, to tree a boot. See Tree, n., 3. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia TREE tre. See BOTANY. Moby Thesaurus II by Grady Ward, 1.0 160 Moby Thesaurus words for "tree": Stammbaum, acacia, ailanthus, alder, alligator pear, allspice, almond, apple, apricot, ash, aspen, avocado, ax, balsa, balsam, banyan, bare pole, basswood, bay, bayberry, beech, betel palm, birch, block, bottle up, buckeye, butternut, buttonwood, cacao, candleberry, cashew, cassia, catalpa, cherry, chestnut, chinquapin, cinnamon, citron, clove, coconut, collar, conifer, cork oak, corner, cross, cypress, death chair, death chamber, dogwood, drop, ebony, elder, electric chair, elm, eucalyptus, evergreen, family tree, fig, fir, frankincense, fruit tree, gallows, gallows-tree, gas chamber, genealogical tree, genealogy, gibbet, grapefruit, guava, guillotine, gum, halter, hardwood tree, hawthorn, hazel, hemlock, hemp, hempen collar, henna, hickory, holly, hop tree, horse chestnut, hot seat, ironwood, juniper, kumquat, laburnum, lancewood, larch, laurel, lemon, lethal chamber, lime, linden, litchi, litchi nut, locust, logwood, magnolia, mahogany, maiden, mango, mangrove, maple, mast, medlar, mountain ash, mulberry, noose, nutmeg, oak, olive, orange, palm, papaw, papaya, peach, pear, pecan, pedigree, persimmon, pine, pistachio, plane, plum, pole, pollard, pomegranate, poplar, quince, raffia palm, rain tree, redwood, rope, sandalwood, sapling, sassafras, scaffold, seedling, senna, sequoia, shade tree, softwood tree, spar, spruce, stake, stemma, stick, sycamore, tangerine, teak, the chair, timber, timber tree, tulip tree, walnut, willow, witch hazel, yew tree tree(n) BLT Built-In Commands tree(n) ______________________________________________________________________________ NAME tree - Create and manage tree data objects. SYNOPSIS blt::tree create ?treeName? blt::tree destroy treeName... blt::tree names ?pattern? _________________________________________________________________ DESCRIPTION The tree command creates tree data objects. A tree object is general ordered tree of nodes. Each node has both a label and a key-value list of data. Data can be heterogeneous, since nodes do not have to contain the same data keys. It is associated with a Tcl command that you can use to access and modify the its structure and data. Tree objects can also be managed via a C API. INTRODUCTION EXAMPLE SYNTAX tree create ?treeName? Creates a new tree object. The name of the new tree is returned. If no treeName argument is present, then the name of the tree is automatically generated in the form "tree0", "tree1", etc. If the substring "#auto" is found in treeName, it is automatically substituted by a generated name. For example, the name .foo.#auto.bar will be translated to .foo.tree0.bar. A new Tcl command (by the same name as the tree) is also cre- ated. Another Tcl command or tree object can not already exist as treeName. If the Tcl command is deleted, the tree will also be freed. The new tree will contain just the root node. Trees are by default, created in the current namespace, not the global namespace, unless treeName contains a namespace qualifier, such as "fred::myTree". tree destroy treeName... Releases one of more trees. The Tcl command associated with treeName is also removed. Trees are reference counted. The internal tree data object isn't destroyed until no one else is using the tree. tree names ?pattern? Returns the names of all tree objects. if a pattern argument is given, then the only those trees whose name matches pattern will be listed. NODE IDS AND TAGS Nodes in a tree object may be referred in either of two ways: by id or by tag. Each node has a unique serial number or id that is assigned to that node when it's created. The id of an node never changes and id numbers are not re-used. A node may also have any number of tags associated with it. A tag is just a string of characters, and it may take any form except that of an integer. For example, "x123" is valid, but "123" isn't. The same tag may be associated with many different nodes. This is commonly done to group nodes in various interesting ways. There are two built-in tags: The tag all is implicitly associated with every node in the tree. It may be used to invoke operations on all the nodes in the tree. The tag root is managed automatically by the tree object. It applies to the node currently set as root. When specifying nodes in tree object commands, if the specifier is an integer then it is assumed to refer to the single node with that id. If the specifier is not an integer, then it is assumed to refer to all of the nodes in the tree that have a tag matching the specifier. The symbol node is used below to indicate that an argument specifies either an id that selects a single node or a tag that selects zero or more nodes. Many tree commands only operate on a single node at a time; if node is specified in a way that names multiple items, then an error "refers to more than one node" is generated. NODE MODIFIERS You can also specify node in relation to another node by appending one or more modifiers to the node id or tag. A modifier refers to a node in relation to the specified node. For example, "root->firstchild" selects the first subtree of the root node. The following modifiers are available: firstchild Selects the first child of the node. lastchild Selects the last child of the node. next Selects the next node in preorder to the node. nextsibling Selects the next sibling of the node. parent Selects the parent of the node. previous Selects the previous node in preorder to the node. prevsibling Selects the previous sibling of the node. "label" Selects the node whose label is label. Enclosing label in quotes indicates to always search for a node by its label (for example, even if the node is labeled "parent"). It's an error the node can't be found. For example, lastchild and firstchild will generate errors if the node has no children. The exception to this is the index operation. You can use index to test if a modifier is valid. TREE OPERATIONS Once you create a tree object, you can use its Tcl command to query or modify it. The general form is treeName operation ?arg?... Both operation and its arguments determine the exact behavior of the command. The operations available for trees are listed below. treeName ancestor node1 node2 Returns the mutual ancestor of the two nodes node1 and node2. The ancestor can be one of the two nodes. For example, if node1 and node2 are the same nodes, their ancestor is node1. treeName apply node ?switches? Runs commands for all nodes matching the criteria given by switches for the subtree designated by node. By default all nodes match, but you can set switches to narrow the match. This operation differs from find in two ways: 1) Tcl commands can be invoked both pre- and post-traversal of a node and 2) the tree is always traversed in depth first order. The -exact, -glob, and -regexp switches indicate both what kind of pattern matching to perform and the pattern. By default each pattern will be compared with the node label. You can set more than one of these switches. If any of the patterns match (logi- cal or), the node matches. If the -key switch is used, it des- ignates the data field to be matched. The valid switches are listed below: -depth number Descend at most number (a non-negative integer) levels If number is 1 this means only apply the tests to the children of node. -exact string Matches each node using string. The node must match string exactly. -glob string Test each node to string using global pattern match- ing. Matching is done in a fashion similar to that used by the C-shell. -invert Select non-matching nodes. Any node that doesn't match the given criteria will be selected. -key key If pattern matching is selected (using the -exact, -glob, or -regexp switches), compare the values of the data field keyed by key instead of the node's label. If no pattern matching switches are set, then any node with this data key will match. -leafonly Only test nodes with no children. -nocase Ignore case when matching patterns. -path Use the node's full path when comparing nodes. The node's full path is a list of labels, starting from the root of each ancestor and the node itself. -precommand command Invoke command for each matching node. Before command is invoked, the id of the node is appended. You can control processing by the return value of command. If command generates an error, processing stops and the find operation returns an error. But if command returns break, then processing stops, no error is gen- erated. If command returns continue, then processing stops on that subtree and continues on the next. -postcommand command Invoke command for each matching node. Before command is invoked, the id of the node is appended. You can control processing by the return value of command. If command generates an error, processing stops and the find operation returns an error. But if command returns break, then processing stops, no error is gen- erated. If command returns continue, then processing stops on that subtree and continues on the next. -regexp string Test each node using string as a regular expression pattern. -tag string Only test nodes that have the tag string. treeName attach treeObject Attaches to an existing tree object treeObject. This is for cases where the tree object was previously created via the C API. The current tree associated with treeName is discarded. In addition, the current set of tags, notifier events, and traces are removed. treeName children node Returns a list of children for node. If node is a leaf, then an empty string is returned. treeName copy srcNode ?destTree? parentNode ?switches? Copies srcNode into parentNode. Both nodes srcNode and parentN- ode must already exist. The id of the new node is returned. You can copy from one tree to another. If a destTree argument is present, it indicates the name of the destination tree. By default both the source and destination trees are the same. The valid switches are listed below: -label string Label destNode as string. By default, destNode has the same label as srcNode. -overwrite Overwrite nodes that already exist. Normally nodes are always created, even if there already exists a node by the same name. This switch indicates to add or overwrite the node's data fields. -recurse Recursively copy all the subtrees of srcNode as well. In this case, srcNode can't be an ancestor of destNode as it would result in a cyclic copy. -tags Copy tag inforation. Normally the following node is copied: its label and data fields. This indicates to copy tags as well. treeName degree node Returns the number of children of node. treeName delete node... Recursively deletes one or more nodes from the tree. The node and all its descendants are removed. The one exception is the root node. In this case, only its descendants are removed. The root node will remain. Any tags or traces on the nodes are released. treeName depth node Returns the depth of the node. The depth is the number of steps from the node to the root of the tree. The depth of the root node is 0. treeName dump node Returns a list of the paths and respective data for node and its descendants. The subtree designated by node is traversed returning the following information for each node: 1) the node's path relative to node, 2) a sublist key value pairs representing the node's data fields, and 3) a sublist of tags. This list returned can be used later to copy or restore the tree with the restore operation. treeName dumpfile node fileName Writes a list of the paths and respective data for node and its descendants to the given file fileName. The subtree designated by node is traversed returning the following information for each node: 1) the node's path relative to node, 2) a sublist key value pairs representing the node's data fields, and 3) a sub- list of tags. This list returned can be used later to copy or restore the tree with the restore operation. treeName exists node ?key? Indicates if node exists in the tree. If a key argument is present then the command also indicates if the named data field exists. treeName find node ?switches? Finds for all nodes matching the criteria given by switches for the subtree designated by node. A list of the selected nodes is returned. By default all nodes match, but you can set switches to narrow the match. The -exact, -glob, and -regexp switches indicate both what kind of pattern matching to perform and the pattern. By default each pattern will be compared with the node label. You can set more than one of these switches. If any of the patterns match (logi- cal or), the node matches. If the -key switch is used, it des- ignates the data field to be matched. The order in which the nodes are traversed is controlled by the -order switch. The possible orderings are preorder, postorder, inorder, and breadthfirst. The default is postorder. The valid switches are listed below: -addtag string Add the tag string to each selected node. -count number Stop processing after number (a positive integer) matches. -depth number Descend at most number (a non-negative integer) levels If number is 1 this means only apply the tests to the children of node. -exact string Matches each node using string. The node must match string exactly. -exec command Invoke command for each matching node. Before command is invoked, the id of the node is appended. You can control processing by the return value of command. If command generates an error, processing stops and the find operation returns an error. But if command returns break, then processing stops, no error is gen- erated. If command returns continue, then processing stops on that subtree and continues on the next. -glob string Test each node to string using global pattern match- ing. Matching is done in a fashion similar to that used by the C-shell. -invert Select non-matching nodes. Any node that doesn't match the given criteria will be selected. -key key Compare the values of the data field keyed by key instead of the node's label. If no pattern is given (-exact, -glob, or -regexp switches), then any node with this data key will match. -leafonly Only test nodes with no children. -nocase Ignore case when matching patterns. -order string Traverse the tree and process nodes according to string. String can be one of the following: breadthfirst Process the node and the subtrees at each sucessive level. Each node on a level is processed before going to the next level. inorder Recursively process the nodes of the first subtree, the node itself, and any the remaining subtrees. postorder Recursively process all subtrees before the node. preorder Recursively process the node first, then any subtrees. -path Use the node's full path when comparing nodes. -regexp string Test each node using string as a regular expression pattern. -tag string Only test nodes that have the tag string. treeName findchild node label Searches for a child node Ilabel in node. The id of the child node is returned if found. Otherwise -1 is returned. treeName firstchild node Returns the id of the first child in the node's list of sub- trees. If node is a leaf (has no children), then -1 is returned. treeName get node ?key? ?defaultValue? Returns a list of key-value pairs of data for the node. If key is present, then onlyx the value for that particular data field is returned. It's normally an error if node does not contain the data field key. But if you provide a defaultValue argument, this value is returned instead (node will still not contain key). This feature can be used to access a data field of node without first testing if it exists. This operation may trigger read data traces. treeName index node Returns the id of node. If node is a tag, it can only specify one node. If node does not represent a valid node id or tag, or has modifiers that are invalid, then -1 is returned. treeName insert parent ?switches? Inserts a new node into parent node parent. The id of the new node is returned. The following switches are available: -after child Position node after child. The node child must be a child of parent. -at number Inserts the node into parent's list of children at position number. The default is to append node. -before child Position node before child. The node child must be a child of parent. -data dataList Sets the value for each data field in dataList for the new node. DataList is a list of key-value pairs. -label string Designates the labels of the node as string. By default, nodes are labeled as node0, node1, etc. -node id Designates the id for the node. Normally new ids are automatically generated. This allows you to create a node with a specific id. It is an error if the id is already used by another node in the tree. -tags tagList Adds each tag in tagList to the new node. TagList is a list of tags, so be careful if a tag has embedded space. treeName is property args Indicates the property of a node. Both property and args deter- mine the property being tested. Returns 1 if true and 0 other- wise. The following property and args are valid: ancestor node1 node2 Indicates if node1 is an ancestor of node2. before node1 node2 Indicates if node1 is before node2 in depth first traversal. leaf node Indicates if node is a leaf (it has no subtrees). root node Indicates if node is the designated root. This can be changed by the root operation. treeName label node ?newLabel? Returns the label of the node designated by node. If newLabel is present, the node is relabeled using it as the new label. treeName lastchild node Returns the id of the last child in the node's list of subtrees. If node is a leaf (has no children), then -1 is returned. treeName move node newParent ?switches? Moves node into newParent. Node is appended to the list children of newParent. Node can not be an ancestor of newParent. The valid flags for switches are described below. -after child Position node after child. The node child must be a child of newParent. -at number Inserts node into parent's list of children at posi- tion number. The default is to append the node. -before child Position node before child. The node child must be a child of newParent. treeName next node Returns the next node from node in a preorder traversal. If node is the last node in the tree, then -1 is returned. treeName nextsibling node Returns the node representing the next subtree from node in its parent's list of children. If node is the last child, then -1 is returned. treeName notify args Manages notification events that indicate that the tree struc- ture has been changed. See the NOTIFY OPERATIONS section below. treeName parent node Returns the parent node of node. If node is the root of the tree, then -1 is returned. treeName path node Returns the full path (from root) of node. treeName position node Returns the position of the node in its parent's list of chil- dren. Positions are numbered from 0. The position of the root node is always 0. treeName previous node Returns the previous node from node in a preorder traversal. If node is the root of the tree, then -1 is returned. treeName prevsibling node Returns the node representing the previous subtree from node in its parent's list of children. If node is the first child, then -1 is returned. treeName restore node dataString switches Performs the inverse function of the dump operation, restoring nodes to the tree. The format of dataString is exactly what is returned by the dump operation. It's a list containing informa- tion for each node to be restored. The information consists of 1) the relative path of the node, 2) a sublist of key value pairs representing the node's data, and 3) a list of tags for the node. Nodes are created starting from node. Nodes can be listed in any order. If a node's path describes ancestor nodes that do not already exist, they are automatically created. The valid switches are listed below: -overwrite Overwrite nodes that already exist. Normally nodes are always created, even if there already exists a node by the same name. This switch indicates to add or overwrite the node's data fields. treeName restorefile node fileName switches Performs the inverse function of the dumpfile operation, restor- ing nodes to the tree from the file fileName. The format of fileName is exactly what is returned by the dumpfile operation. It's a list containing information for each node to be restored. The information consists of 1) the relative path of the node, 2) a sublist of key value pairs representing the node's data, and 3) a list of tags for the node. Nodes are created starting from node. Nodes can be listed in any order. If a node's path describes ancestor nodes that do not already exist, they are automatically created. The valid switches are listed below: -overwrite Overwrite nodes that already exist. Normally nodes are always created, even if there already exists a node by the same name. This switch indicates to add or overwrite the node's data fields. treeName root ?node? Returns the id of the root node. Normally this is node 0. If a node argument is provided, it will become the new root of the tree. This lets you temporarily work within a subset of the tree. Changing root affects operations such as next, path, pre- vious, etc. treeName set node key value ?key value...? Sets one or more data fields in node. Node may be a tag that represents several nodes. Key is the name of the data field to be set and value is its respective value. This operation may trigger write and create data traces. treeName size node Returns the number of nodes in the subtree. This includes the node and all its descendants. The size of a leaf node is 1. treeName sort node ?switches? -ascii Compare strings using the ASCII collation order. -command string Use command string as a comparison command. To com- pare two elements, evaluate a Tcl script consisting of command with the two elements appended as additional arguments. The script should return an integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero if the first ele- ment is to be considered less than, equal to, or greater than the second, respectively. -decreasing Sort in decreasing order (largest items come first). -dictionary Compare strings using a dictionary-style comparison. This is the same as -ascii except (a) case is ignored except as a tie-breaker and (b) if two strings contain embedded numbers, the numbers compare as integers, not characters. For example, in -dictionary mode, bigBoy sorts between bigbang and bigboy, and x10y sorts between x9y and x11y. -integer Compare the nodes as integers. -key string Sort based upon the node's data field keyed by string. Normally nodes are sorted according to their label. -path Compare the full path of each node. The default is to compare only its label. -real Compare the nodes as real numbers. -recurse Recursively sort the entire subtree rooted at node. -reorder Recursively sort subtrees for each node. Warning. Unlike the normal flat sort, where a list of nodes is returned, this will reorder the tree. treeName tag args Manages tags for the tree object. See the TAG OPERATIONS sec- tion below. treeName trace args Manages traces for data fields in the tree object. Traces cause Tcl commands to be executed whenever a data field of a node is created, read, written, or unset. Traces can be set for a spe- cific node or a tag, representing possibly many nodes. See the TRACE OPERATIONS section below. treeName unset node key... Removes one or more data fields from node. Node may be a tag that represents several nodes. Key is the name of the data field to be removed. It's not an error is node does not contain key. This operation may trigger unset data traces. TAG OPERATIONS Tags are a general means of selecting and marking nodes in the tree. A tag is just a string of characters, and it may take any form except that of an integer. The same tag may be associated with many different nodes. There are two built-in tags: The tag all is implicitly associated with every node in the tree. It may be used to invoke operations on all the nodes in the tree. The tag root is managed automatically by the tree object. It specifies the node that is currently set as the root of the tree. Most tree operations use tags. And several operations let you operate on multiple nodes at once. For example, you can use the set operation with the tag all to set a data field in for all nodes in the tree. Tags are invoked by the tag operation. The general form is treeName tag operation ?arg?... Both operation and its arguments determine the exact behavior of the command. The operations available for tags are listed below. treeName tag add string node... Adds the tag string to one of more nodes. treeName tag delete string node... Deletes the tag string from one or more nodes. treeName tag forget string Removes the tag string from all nodes. It's not an error if no nodes are tagged as string. treeName tag names ?node? Returns a list of tags used by the tree. If a node argument is present, only those tags used by node are returned. treeName tag nodes string Returns a list of nodes that have the tag string. If no node is tagged as string, then an empty string is returned. TRACE OPERATIONS Data fields can be traced much in the same way that you can trace Tcl variables. Data traces cause Tcl commands to be executed whenever a particular data field of a node is created, read, written, or unset. A trace can apply to one or more nodes. You can trace a specific node by using its id, or a group of nodes by a their tag. The tree's get, set, and unset operations can trigger various traces. The get operation can cause a read trace to fire. The set operation causes a write trace to fire. And if the data field is written for the first time, you will also get a create trace. The unset operation triggers unset traces. Data traces are invoked by the trace operation. The general form is treeName trace operation ?arg?... Both operation and its arguments determine the exact behavior of the command. The operations available for traces are listed below. treeName trace create node key ops command Creates a trace for node on data field key. Node can refer to more than one node (for example, the tag all). If node is a tag, any node with that tag can possibly trigger a trace, invoking command. Command is command prefix, typically a procedure name. Whenever a trace is triggered, four arguments are appended to command before it is invoked: treeName, id of the node, key and, ops. Note that no nodes need have the field key. A trace iden- tifier in the form "trace0", "trace1", etc. is returned. Ops indicates which operations are of interest, and consists of one or more of the following letters: r Invoke command whenever key is read. Both read and write traces are temporarily disabled when command is executed. w Invoke command whenever key is written. Both read and write traces are temporarily disabled when command is executed. c Invoke command whenever key is created. u Invoke command whenever key is unset. Data fields are typically unset with the unset command. Data fields are also unset when the tree is released, but all traces are disabled prior to that. treeName trace delete traceId... Deletes one of more traces. TraceId is the trace identifier returned by the trace create operation. treeName trace info traceId Returns information about the trace traceId. TraceId is a trace identifier previously returned by the trace create operation. It's the same information specified for the trace create opera- tion. It consists of the node id or tag, data field key, a string of letters indicating the operations that are traced (it's in the same form as ops) and, the command prefix. treeName trace names Returns a list of identifers for all the current traces. NOTIFY OPERATIONS Tree objects can be shared among many clients, such as a hiertable wid- get. Any client can create or delete nodes, sorting the tree, etc. You can request to be notified whenever these events occur. Notify events cause Tcl commands to be executed whenever the tree structure is changed. Notifications are handled by the notify operation. The general form is treeName notify operation ?arg?... Both operation and its arguments determine the exact behavior of the command. The operations available for events are listed below. treeName notify create ?switches? command ?args?... Creates a notifier for the tree. A notify identifier in the form "notify0", "notify1", etc. is returned. Command and args are saved and invoked whenever the tree struc- ture is changed (according to switches). Two arguments are appended to command and args before it's invoked: the id of the node and a string representing the type of event that occured. One of more switches can be set to indicate the events that are of interest. The valid switches are as follows: -create Invoke command whenever a new node has been added. -delete Invoke command whenever a node has been deleted. -move Invoke command whenever a node has been moved. -sort Invoke command whenever the tree has been sorted and reordered. -relabel Invoke command whenever a node has been relabeled. -allevents Invoke command whenever any of the above events occur. -whenidle When an event occurs don't invoke command immediately, but queue it to be run the next time the event loop is entered and there are no events to process. If subse- quent events occur before the event loop is entered, command will still be invoked only once. treeName notify delete notifyId Deletes one or more notifiers from the tree. NotifyId is the notifier identifier returned by the notify create operation. treeName notify info notifyId Returns information about the notify event notifyId. NotifyId is a notify identifier previously returned by the notify create operation. It's the same information specified for the notify create operation. It consists of the notify id, a sublist of event flags (it's in the same form as flags) and, the command prefix. treeName notify names Returns a list of identifers for all the current notifiers. C LANGUAGE API Blt_TreeApply, Blt_TreeApplyBFS, Blt_TreeApplyDFS, Blt_TreeChangeRoot, Blt_TreeCreate, Blt_TreeCreateEventHandler, Blt_TreeCreateNode, Blt_TreeCreateTrace, Blt_TreeDeleteEventHandler, Blt_TreeDeleteNode, Blt_TreeDeleteTrace, Blt_TreeExists, Blt_TreeFindChild, Blt_TreeFirstChild, Blt_TreeFirstKey, Blt_TreeGetNode, Blt_TreeGetTo- ken, Blt_TreeGetValue, Blt_TreeIsAncestor, Blt_TreeIsBefore, Blt_TreeIsLeaf, Blt_TreeLastChild, Blt_TreeMoveNode, Blt_TreeName, Blt_TreeNextKey, Blt_TreeNextNode, Blt_TreeNextSibling, Blt_TreeNodeDe- gree, Blt_TreeNodeDepth, Blt_TreeNodeId, Blt_TreeNodeLabel, Blt_TreeN- odeParent, Blt_TreePrevNode, Blt_TreePrevSibling, Blt_TreeRelabelNode, Blt_TreeReleaseToken, Blt_TreeRootNode, Blt_TreeSetValue, Blt_TreeSize, Blt_TreeSortNode, and Blt_TreeUnsetValue. KEYWORDS tree, hiertable, widget BLT 2.4 tree(n) tree TREE(1) TREE(1) NAME tree - list contents of directories in a tree-like format. SYNOPSIS tree [-adfgilnopqrstuxACDFNS] [-L level [-R]] [-H baseHREF] [-T title] [-o filename] [--nolinks] [-P pattern] [-I pattern] [--inodes] [--device] [--noreport] [--dirsfirst] [--version] [--help] [directory ...] DESCRIPTION Tree is a recursive directory listing program that produces a depth indented listing of files, which is colorized ala dircolors if the LS_COLORS environment variable is set and output is to tty. With no arguments, tree lists the files in the current directory. When direc- tory arguments are given, tree lists all the files and/or directories found in the given directories each in turn. Upon completion of list- ing all files/directories found, tree returns the total number of files and/or directories listed. By default, when a symbolic link is encountered, the path that the sym- bolic link refers to is printed after the name of the link in the for- mat: name -> real-path If the `-l' option is given and the symbolic link refers to an actual directory, then tree will follow the path of the symbolic link as if it were a real directory. OPTIONS Tree understands the following command line switches: --help Outputs a verbose usage listing. --version Outputs the version of tree. -a All files are printed. By default tree does not print hidden files (those beginning with a dot `.'). In no event does tree print the file system constructs `.' (current directory) and `..' (previous directory). -d List directories only. -f Prints the full path prefix for each file. -i Makes tree not print the indentation lines, useful when used in conjunction with the -f option. -l Follows symbolic links if they point to directories, as if they were directories. Symbolic links that will result in recursion are avoided when detected. -x Stay on the current file-system only. Ala find -xdev. -P pattern List only those files that match the wild-card pattern. Note: you must use the -a option to also consider those files begin- ning with a dot `.' for matching. Valid wildcard operators are `*' (any zero or more characters), `?' (any single character), `[...]' (any single character listed between brackets (optional - (dash) for character range may be used: ex: [A-Z]), and `[^...]' (any single character not listed in brackets) and `|' separates alternate patterns. -I pattern Do not list those files that match the wild-card pattern. --noreport Omits printing of the file and directory report at the end of the tree listing. -p Print the protections for each file (as per ls -l). -s Print the size of each file along with the name. -u Print the username, or UID # if no username is available, of the file. -g Print the group name, or GID # if no group name is available, of the file. -D Print the date of the last modification time for the file listed. --inodes Prints the inode number of the file or directory --device Prints the device number to which the file or directory belongs -F Append a `/' for directories, a `=' for socket files, a `*' for executable files and a `|' for FIFO's, as per ls -F -q Print non-printable characters in filenames as question marks instead of the default carrot notation. -N Print non-printable characters as is instead of the default car- rot notation. -r Sort the output in reverse alphabetic order. -t Sort the output by last modification time instead of alphabeti- cally. --dirsfirst List directories before files. -n Turn colorization off always, over-ridden by the -C option. -C Turn colorization on always, using built-in color defaults if the LS_COLORS environment variable is not set. Useful to col- orize output to a pipe. -A Turn on ANSI line graphics hack when printing the indentation lines. -S Turn on ASCII line graphics (useful when using linux console mode fonts). This option is now equivalent to `--charset=IBM437' and will eventually be depreciated. -L level Max display depth of the directory tree. -R Recursively cross down the tree each level directories (see -L option), and at each of them execute tree again adding `-o 00Tree.html' as a new option. -H baseHREF Turn on HTML output, including HTTP references. Useful for ftp sites. baseHREF gives the base ftp location when using HTML output. That is, the local directory may be `/local/ftp/pub', but it must be referenced as `ftp://hostname.organiza- tion.domain/pub' (baseHREF should be `ftp://hostname.organiza- tion.domain'). Hint: don't use ANSI lines with this option, and don't give more than one directory in the directory list. If you wish to use colors via CCS stylesheet, use the -C option in addition to this option to force color output. -T title Sets the title and H1 header string in HTML output mode. --charset charset Set the character set to use when outputting HTML and for line drawing. --nolinks Turns off hyperlinks in HTML output. -o filename Send output to filename. FILES /etc/DIR_COLORS System color database. ~/.dircolors Users color database. ENVIRONMENT LS_COLORS Color information created by dircolors TREE_CHARSET Character set for tree to use in HTML mode. LC_CTYPE Locale for filename output. AUTHOR Steve Baker (ice@mama.indstate.edu) HTML output hacked by Francesc Rocher (rocher@econ.udg.es) Charsets and OS/2 support by Kyosuke Tokoro (NBG01720@nifty.ne.jp) BUGS Tree does not prune "empty" directories when the -P and -I options are used. Tree prints directories as it comes to them, so cannot accumu- late information on files and directories beneath the directory it is printing. Probably more. SEE ALSO dircolors(1L), ls(1L), find(1L) Tree 1.5.0 TREE(1) |
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